zaterdag 31 januari 2009

De nieuwe borden van de keizer

Op diner uitgenodigd worden bij keizer Napoleon III van Frankrijk (1808-1873) was een hele eer. Maar in tegenstelling tot de andere vorstenhoven was het krijgen van gouden bestek een lichte belediging, een teken dat je slechts tweederangs was. De belangrijkste gasten kregen namelijk borden van een veel kostbaarder metaal. Palladium? Nee. Platina? Nee. Het kostbaarste eetgerei was gemaakt van aluminium.

De Fransen waren zeker niet de enige aluminium-gekken. Toen in 1884 de topsteen van het Washington Monument moest worden geplaatst, kozen de Amerikanen niet voor goud en zelfs niet voor platina om de rijkdom en macht van de Verenigde Staten duidelijk te maken. Zij bekroonden het monument voor de eerste president van de VS met een steen gegoten van 2,8 kg massief aluminium, toen het grootste stuk aluminium ooit op aarde gemaakt.

Het zal in de meeste huishoudens niet meer voorkomen dat de aluminiumfolie in de kluis bewaard wordt naast de aandelen, de juwelen en het gouden horloge van je overgrootvader. En dat is ook logisch. Aluminium is handig, maar helemaal niet zeldzaam. Aluminium is het meest voorkomende metaal op aarde, een schep grond van 1 kilo bevat gemiddeld 83 gram aluminium (en maar 5 microgram goud, dus tien miljoen keer zoveel aluminium als goud). Waarom was het hebben van picknickbestek dan iets waar Napoleon de Derde over opschepte?

Goud is een zogenaamd edel metaal, een dik en zwaar metaal dat niet gemakkelijk electronen afstaat en niet snel bindingen aangaat met andere stoffen, zoals zuurstof. Goud is een beetje de introvert die alleen met de grootst mogelijke tegenzin op feestjes komt. Aluminium daarentegen zit niet alleen in het periodiek systeem, maar ook in gedrag ver van goud af. Aluminium hecht zich aan andere elementen (vooral zuurstof) als kauwgom aan je schoen, als een zeepok aan een oceaanstomer, en als het wanhopige vriendje zonder eigen leven aan zijn nieuwe vriendin. Er is voldoende aluminium in de grond, maar het zit ontzettend goed aan zuurstof en andere electronenliefhebbers, zoals chloor of fluor of zwavel, vastgekleefd, en los...trek...ken... is ... ont...zet...tend... moei... lijk...

De eerste die zuiver aluminium maakte was Friedrich Wöhler in 1825. (Als die naam je bekend voorkomt, heel goed! Hij was namelijk een heel goede onderzoeker, die ook de ureumsynthese ontdekte waar ik vorige week zondag over schreef.) Zuiver aluminium maken lukte Wöhler alleen door aluminiumzouten te smelten en te laten reageren met een ander peperduur element dat nog reactiever is dan aluminium, kalium. Kalium pakt het zuurstof of waar aluminium ook mee gebonden is van het aluminium af waardoor aluminium alleen (en ongelukkig, vermoed ik) overblijft. Nu is kalium erg duur, en het was in Wöhler’s tijd waarschijnlijk nog duurder. Aluminium begon pas goedkoop te worden rond 1888, toen Hall en Héroult ontdekten dat je met electrolyse (een lading stroom jagen door een gesmolten aluminiumzout) aluminium veel goedkoper kon maken. Mocht je leraar je ooit nog het principe van de electrische cel uitleggen, kan het geen kwaad te beseffen dat hoe raar dat ding ook lijkt, het er wel heeft gezorgd dat we nu kunnen vliegen in enorme metalen vliegtuigen inplaats van in de kleine houten bouwsels van de gebroeders Wright.

Napoleon de derde stierf in 1873, en heeft dus niet meer meegemaakt hoe de staven aluminium die hij in 1855 naast de Franse kroonjuwelen had tentoongesteld bij het oud metaal belandden (al is het mogelijk dat een liefhebber ze heeft bewaard als curiositeit). Vervelende scheikundigen... Mocht je overigens nog steeds van plan zijn keizer te worden en neer te kunnen kijken op de gouden borden van de gewone koninkjes, hier een tip: geef de belangrijkste gasten borden van rhodium. Daar hebben de andere vorsten vast niet van terug...

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